Investigations used to aid diagnosis and prognosticate outcomes in ocular inflammatory disorders are based on\r\ntechniques that have evolved over the last two centuries have dramatically evolved with the advances in molecular\r\nbiological and imaging technology. Our improved understanding of basic biological processes of infective drives of\r\ninnate immunity bridging the engagement of adaptive immunity have formed techniques to tailor and develop\r\nassays, and deliver targeted treatment options. Diagnostic techniques are paramount to distinguish infective from\r\nnon-infective intraocular inflammatory disease, particularly in atypical cases. The advances have enabled our ability\r\nto multiplex assay small amount of specimen quantities of intraocular samples including aqueous, vitreous or small\r\ntissue samples. Nevertheless to achieve diagnosis, techniques often require a range of assays from traditional\r\nhypersensitivity reactions and microbe specific immunoglobulin analysis to modern molecular techniques and\r\ncytokine analysis. Such approaches capitalise on the advantages of each technique, thereby improving the\r\nsensitivity and specificity of diagnoses. This review article highlights the development of laboratory diagnostic\r\ntechniques for intraocular inflammatory disorders now readily available to assist in accurate identification of\r\ninfective agents and appropriation of appropriate therapies as well as formulating patient stratification alongside\r\nclinical diagnoses into disease groups for clinical trials.
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